완벽한 아들 요나단과 부족한 왕 사울에 관한 사무엘상 14장

사무엘상 14장은 사울 왕과 그의 아들 요나단 사이의 대조를 극명하게 보여주는 장입니다. 이 장은 전쟁 속에서 요나단의 믿음과 결단력, 그리고 사울의 성급하고 불합리한 명령들이 중심이 되는 서사로 구성됩니다.

📢 스폰서 링크

1. 요나단의 기습

사무엘상 13장에서 간과하고 있던 게 있었네요. 요나단이 수비 중 도발로 블레셋과 전쟁이 난 부분에서, 요나단이 사울 아들이었다는 것을 몰랐습니다. 그러면 결과적으로 요나단과 사울 측근만 남아 있었다는 걸로 보이네요.

 

1.One day Jonathan the son of Saul said to the young man who carried his armour, "Come, let us go over to the Philhistine garrison on the other side." But he did not tell his father. 2 Saul was staying in the outskirts of Gibeah in the pomegranate cave at Migron. The people who were with him were about six hundred men, 3 including Ahijah the son of Ahitub, Ichabods brother, son of Phinehas, son of Eli, the priest of the Lord in Shiloh, wearing an ephod. ANd the people did not know that Jonathan had gone. 4 Within the passes, by which Jonathan sought to go over to the Philistine garrison, there was a rocky crag on the one side and a rocky crag on the other side. The name of one was Bozez, and the name of the other Seneh. 5. The one crag rose on the north in front of Michmash, and the other on the south in front of Geba.

 

그런데 사울의 아들 요나단은 사무엘의 두 아들들보다는 용맹하고 신앙심도 투철했나 봅니다. 아버지보다 나은 면모를 많이 보인 것 같네요. 그렇게 모든 면에서 아비보다 나았고 왕위 계승을 한다면 요나단이 되었어야 하는데 왜 하나님의 명령이라면서 사무엘은 다윗을 왕으로 세웠는지 의아합니다.

 

📢 스폰서 링크

2. 요나단이 이끈 무기 든 소년 부대

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6.Jonathan said to the young an who carried his armour,"Come, let us go over to the garrison of these uncircumcised, It may be that the Lord will work for us, for nothing can hinder the Lord will work for us, for nothing can hinder the Lord from saving by many or by few." 7 And his armour bearer said to him, "Do all that is in your heart. Do as you wish. BEhold, I am with you heart and soul."8 Then Jonathan said, "Behold, we will cross over to the men, and we will show ourselves to them. 

 

9. If they say to us.'Wait until we come to you, then we will stand still in our place, and we will not go up to them 10 But if they say,  Come up to us', then we will go up for the Lord has given them into our hand. And this shall be the sign to us." 11 So both of them showed themselves to the garrison of the Philistines. And the Philistines said, "Look, Hebrews are coming out of the holes where they have hidden themselves." 12 And the men of the garrison hailed Jonathan and his armour bearer and said, "Come up to us, and we will show you something." And Jonathan said to his armour bearer, "Come up after me, for the Lord has given them into the hand of Israel."

 

13 Then Jonathan climbed up on his hands and feet, and his armour bearer after him. And they fell before Jonathan, and his armour bearer killed them after him. 14 And that first strike, which Jonathan and his armour bearer made, killed about twenty men within as it were half a furrow's length in an acre of land. 15 And there was a panic in the camp, in the field, and among all the people. The garrison and even the raiders trembled, the earth quaked, and it became a very great panic.

 

이래저래 주도면밀하게 민첩한, 무기 든 소년들을 이끌고 전략 전술을 훌륭히 이행한 것처럼 보입니다. 여기서 소년이라고 해서 어린 소년들을 의미하는 것 같진 않고 젊고 용맹한 청년이라고 보면 될 것 같습니다. 신라의 화랑 같은 이미지려나? 아무튼 요나단은 젊은 소년들을 중심으로 전장을 뛰었습니다.

3. 믿음대로 행하라? 요나단의 특별함

요나단은 소수정예 부대로 블레셋을 기습 공격하여 블레셋이 적잖이 당황합니다. 그런데 요나단이 일을 잘하든 못하든 왕에게 보고도 안하고 기습 공격을 한 것입니다. 뭔가 군법 위반일 수도 있지만 의도적으로 알리지 않았다고 하는데요. 이 역시 하나님의 명령이었으니 왕보다는 하나님 말을 따른 걸까요?

 

면밀하게 하나님은 직접 명령하지 않았지만 요나단은 그냥 하나님의 명령이든 응답이든 개의치 않고 하나님이 지켜주실 테니까, 이건 신의 뜻이야 하면서 몰아 부친 것 같습니다. 이건 상당히 의미가 있어 보입니다. 인간이 주도적인 믿음을 보이고 행하고 있으니까요. 뭔가 인간이 신을 이해하려고 한 것 같지 않습니까?

 

16 And the watchmen of Saul in Gibeah of Benjamin looked, and behold, the multitude was dispersing here and there. 17 THEN Saul said to the people who were with him, "Count and see who has gone from us." And when they had counted, behoLD, Jonathan and his armour bearer were not there.

 

18 So Saul said to Ahijah, "Bring the ark of God here." For the ark of God went at that time with the people of Israel. 19 Now while Saul was talking to the priest, the tumult in the camp of the PHIListines increased more and more. So Saul said to the priest, the tumult in the camp of the PHIlistines increased more and more. So Saul said to the priest, "Withdraw your hand." 20 Then Saul and all the people who were with him rallied and went into the battle. ANd behold, every, Philistines sword was againt his fellow, and there was very great confusion.

 

21 Now the Hebrews who had been with the Philistines before that time and who had gone up with them into the camp, even they also truned to be with the Israelites who were with Saul and Jonathan. 22 Likewise, when all the men of Israel who had hidden themselves in the hil lcountry of Ephraim heard that the Philistines were fleeing, they too followed hard after them in the battle. 23 So the Lord saved Israel that day. ANd the battle passed beyond Beth-aven.

 

📢 스폰서 링크

4. 사울의 무모함인지 질투인지

사울은 자기 허락없이 공격을 한 것에 열이 받았는지 전투 중에 금식을 명령합니다. 미친왕이네요. 백성들은 숲속에 꿀이 있는데도 먹지 못하고 있었습니다. 그런데 이 명령을 미처 알지 못한 요나단은 꿀을 지팡이로 찍어 먹고는 눈이 밝아 졌다고 합니다. 기운이 생겼다는 말이죠. 그리고는 아버지의 무모함을 비판했습니다. 백성이 탈취한 물건을 먹었더라면 기운나서 이겼을 것이라고 엄청 화를 낸 것 같습니다. 사울은 정말 또라이네요.  자기 중심적 신앙 과시로 백성들에게 금식까지 시키다니요. 

 

24. And the men of Israel had been hard pressed that day, so Saul had laid an oath on the people, saying,"Cursed be the man who cats food until it is evening and I am avenged on my enemies." So none of the people had tasted food. 25 Now when all the people came to the forest, behold, there was honey on the ground. 26 AND when the people entered the forest, behold, the honey was droping, but no one put his hand to his mouth, for the people feared the oath. 27 But Jonathan had not heard his father charge the peope with the oath, so he put out the tip of the staff that was in his hand and dipped it in the honeycomb and put his hand to his mouth, and his eyes became bright. 28 Then one of the people said, "Your father strictly charged the people with an oath, saying, 'Cursed be the man who eats food this day.'"

 ANd the people were faint. 29 THEN Jonathan said, "My father has troubled the land. See how my eyes have become bright because I tasted a little of this honey. 30 How much better if the people had eaten freely today of the spoil of their enemies that they found. For spoil of their enemies that they found. For now the defeat among the Philistines has not been great."

 

그런데 또 문득 궁금한 것이 사울은 집권을 2년 밖에 안 했다고 하고요 젊은 왕이 된 걸로 아는데 그의 아들 요나단은 또 몇 살이었던 걸까요? 그래서 대략 추론하건데 사울은 40세에 왕이 된 것 같고 요나단은 20세 전후나 중후반으로 본다고 하던데요. 뭐가 이렇게 맥락이 안 맞는지 모르겠습니다. 2년 밖에 안 한 사울을 사무엘은 내팽개치고 도망가고 그 자리를 사울은 메꾸려고 하고 아주 엉망진창이네요.

 

그렇게 사울은 신의 자리를 흉내 내지만 민심도, 신의 뜻도 장악하지 못한 허상 위의 권력자로 몰락의 길을 가고 있었습니다.

5. 백성들의 율법 위반

그렇게 사울의 광기로 백성들은 먹지도 못하고 전쟁을 치루는 상황이 되자 육체적으로도 피곤하고 분노가 극에 달하게 됩니다. 그래서 굶주림에 허덕이던 백성들은 양과 소와 송아지들을 잡아 그것을 피째로 먹기까지 했습니다. 이건 절대로 금지하는 것 중 하나였는데요.

 

31. THEY struck down the Philistines that day from Michmash to Aijalon. And the people were very faint. 32 The people pounced on the spoil and took sheep and oxen and calves and spoil and took sheep and oxen and calves and slaughtered them on the ground. And the people ate them with the blood.

 

그런 와중에 사울은 생쇼를 다합니다. 그래서 피채로 먹는 것을 보고 자기가 제사장도 아닌데 돌을 제단처럼 이용하고 돌 위에서 고기를 돌 위에서 피를 흘리게 하곤 먹으라는 등 시켰다고 하는데요. 뒤늦게 체면치레를 하려고 별 생쇼를 다한 모양입니다. 백성들을 통제하려는 시도도 보이고요. 사무엘이란 제사장이 없어서 그런 것 같긴 하지만요.

 

33 Then they TOLD Saul, "Behold, the people are sinning, against the Lord by eating with the blood." And he said, "You have dealt treacherously; roll a great stone to me here." 34. And Saul said, "Disperse yourselves among the people and say to them,'Let every man bring his ox or his sheep and slaughter them here and eat, and do not sin against the Lord by eating with the blood.' 'So every one of the people broughts his ox with him that night and they slaughtered them there. 35 And Saul built an altar to the Lord; it was the first altar that he built to the Lord.

 

 

6. 사울의 정신병자 수준의 정무감각

거의 뭐 폭주를 하고 있는 사울입니다. 전투를 주도한 요나단을 칭찬을 하질 못할 망정 뒤늦게 자기가 참전해서는 온갖 분탕질을 다 해놓습니다. 게다가 금식 중에 꿀을 먹은 요나단을 죽어 마땅하다고 하질 않나. 왜 저러나 싶습니다. 자기는 사무엘 말도 어기고 멋대로 제사장 놀이를 해놓고선  요나단의 적절한 대처는 대역죄인 취급합니다. 아버지 맞나 싶습니다.

 

36 THen Saul said, "Let us go down after the Philistines by night and plunder them until the morning light; let us not leave a man of them." AND THEY Said, "Do whatever seems good to you." But the priest said, "Let us draw near to God here." 37 AND Saul enquired of GOd, "Shall I go down after the PHilistines? Will you give them into the hand of Israel?" But he did not answer him that day. 38 And Saul said, "Come here, all you leaders of the people, and know and see how this sin has arisen today. 39 For as the LOrd lives who saves Israel, though it be in Jonathan my son, he shall surely die." But there was not a man among all the people who ansered him.

 

40 Then he said to all Israel, "YOu shall be on one side, and I and Jonathan my son will be on the other side." And the people said to Saul, "Do what seems good to you." 41 Therefore Saul said, "O Lord God of Israel, why have you not answered your servant this day? If this guilt is in me or in Jonathan my son, O Lord, God of Israel, give Urim. But if this guilt is in your people Israel, give Thummim." And Jonathan and Saul were taken , but the people escaped. 42 THEN Saul said, "Cast the lot between me and my son Jonathan." And Jonathan was taken.

 

43 Then Saul said to Jonathan, "Tell me what you have done." And Jonathan told him. " I tasted a little honey with the tip of the staff that was in my hand. Here I am; I will die." 44 And Saul said "God do so to me and more also; you shall surely die, Jonathan." 45 THen the people said to Saul, "Shall Jonathan die, who has worked this great salvation in Israel? Far from it! As the Lord lives, there shall not one hair of his head fall to the ground, for he has worked with God this day." So the people ransomed Jonathan, so that he did not die. 46 Then Saul went up from pursuing the Philistines, and the Philistines went to their own place.

 

 

47 When Saul had taken the kingship over Israel, he fought against all his enemies on every side, against Moab, against the Ammonites, against Edom, against the kings of Zobah, and against the Philistines. Wherever he turned he routed them. 38 AND HE Did valiantly and struck the Amalekites and delivered Israel out of the hands of those who plundered them.

 

 49 Now the sons of Saul were Jonathan, Ishvi, and Malchi-shua. AND the names of his two daughters were these: the name of his firstborn was Merab, and the name of the younger Michal. 50 And the name of Saul's wife was Ahinoam the daughter of Ahimaaz. And the name of the commander of his army was Abner the son of Ner, Saul's uncle. 51 Kish was the father of Saul, and Ner the father of Abner was the son of Abiel.

 52 There was hard fighting against the Philistines all the days of Saul. ANd when Saul saw any strong man, or any valiant man, he attached him to himself.

 

하지만 백성들은 요나단의 편을 들어 주었습니다. 사울은 그 의견에 굴복하고 맙니다. 사울의 통치 권위가 붕괴되고 요나단이 민심을 얻은 순간입니다. 사울 입장에서 요나단은 견제 대상이었습니다. 성경 구조는 혈통이 아니라 신의 선택이 왕을 만든다는 논리였기에 사울은 점점 왕권을 혈통과 세습을 통해 유지하려고 시도합니다. 하지만 요나단은 그것을 거부합니다. 요나단은 하나님이 택한 자가 왕이 되어야 한다는 주의였습니다. 여하튼, 사울 입장에서 요나단은 왕권을 계승할 준비된 후계자이면서도 그 왕권을 내려놓을 수 있는 신앙을 지닌 존재였습니다. 즉 통제할 수도 없고 견딜 수도 없는 위협이었습니다.

 

📢 스폰서 링크

사울의 몰락과 요나단의 신앙

사무엘상 14장은 구약 전체에서도 구조적으로 매우 독특한 장입니다.
단순히 길어서가 아니라, 하나의 전투 이야기를 중심으로 다층적인 주제와 인간 심리를 중첩시킨 복합 구조이기 때문입니다.
이 장은 단순히 블레셋과의 전쟁만을 말하지 않습니다.
요나단의 신앙, 사울의 권력 불안, 백성의 민심, 신의 침묵, 제사의 왜곡, 피와 율법, 전쟁과 식욕 등이 얽힌
말 그대로 ‘신정정치의 위기’를 압축적으로 묘사한 드라마입니다. 즉, 사울의 몰락과 요나단의 신앙을 동시에 기록하다보니 길어진 것 같습니다.

🔗 함께 읽으면 좋은 글

• 사무엘상 13장 읽기
• 허수아비 왕 만들기

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